Aqui vão mais uma série de artigos e livros que poderão ser interessantes, saúde mental, stress, coping e outros.
“Zapping” the brain: Electroconvulsive therapy and beyond.Colotla, Victor A.
“Zapping” the brain: Electroconvulsive therapy and beyond.Colotla, Victor A.
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(19), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Reviews the book, Brain stimulation therapies for clinicians by Edmund S. Higgins and Mark S. George (see record 2008-17189-000 ). In this book the authors attempt to provide an overview of brain stimulation therapies for anyone seeking a broad grasp of the field.
The authors state that the book is addressed to clinicians and researchers, but they hope that patients will benefit from the overview as well. As it is a book addressed to both clinicians and nonclinicians, the authors include a brief introduction to basic concepts on electricity and neuroanatomy before describing the brain stimulation therapies. They also include summaries of the literature for the readers to assess for themselves the utility of each technique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The authors state that the book is addressed to clinicians and researchers, but they hope that patients will benefit from the overview as well. As it is a book addressed to both clinicians and nonclinicians, the authors include a brief introduction to basic concepts on electricity and neuroanatomy before describing the brain stimulation therapies. They also include summaries of the literature for the readers to assess for themselves the utility of each technique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
A case control study of suicides in China with and without mental disorder. By Zhang, Jie; Zhou, Liang
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 68-72.
Abstract
Background: Chinese suicide samples have provided opportunities to study the differences between suicides with and without psychiatric diagnoses.
Aims: To examine the differences between suicides with and without mental disorders.
Methods: Sixty-six suicides and 66 living controls were studied with psychological autopsy interviews in rural China. Those who died by suicide with (n = 45) and without (n = 21) mental disorders were compared on demographic characteristics, suicidal behavior, social support, life events, and depressive symptoms (as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD).
Results: Suicides with and without psychiatric diagnoses had significant differences in many demographic and social factors. In comparison with suicides with psychiatric diagnoses, suicides without psychiatric diagnoses were younger, were better educated, had higher income, were more likely to kill themselves using pesticides or other poisons, were less likely to have a history of prior suicide attempt, had less long-term life events and more recent life events, and scored lower on HAMD.
Conclusions: These two groups might be from two different populations. This finding has important implications for more effective and targeted suicide prevention strategies in China. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: To examine the differences between suicides with and without mental disorders.
Methods: Sixty-six suicides and 66 living controls were studied with psychological autopsy interviews in rural China. Those who died by suicide with (n = 45) and without (n = 21) mental disorders were compared on demographic characteristics, suicidal behavior, social support, life events, and depressive symptoms (as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD).
Results: Suicides with and without psychiatric diagnoses had significant differences in many demographic and social factors. In comparison with suicides with psychiatric diagnoses, suicides without psychiatric diagnoses were younger, were better educated, had higher income, were more likely to kill themselves using pesticides or other poisons, were less likely to have a history of prior suicide attempt, had less long-term life events and more recent life events, and scored lower on HAMD.
Conclusions: These two groups might be from two different populations. This finding has important implications for more effective and targeted suicide prevention strategies in China. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Factors associated with repeated suicide attempts: Preliminary results of the WHO Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behavior (SUPRE-MISS) from Campinas, Brazil. By da Silva Cais, Carlos Filinto; Stefanello, Sabrina; Fabrício Mauro, Marisa Lúcia; Vaz Scavacini de Freitas, Gisleine; Botega, Neury José
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 73-78.
Abstract
Background: This study compares sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 102 first-time hospital-treated suicide attempters (first-evers) with a group of 101 repeat suicide attempters (repeaters) consecutively admitted to a general hospital in Brazil, during the intake phase of the WHO Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behaviors (SUPRE-MISS).
Aims: To compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of first-time hospital-treated suicide attempters (first-evers) with a group of repeat suicide attempters (repeaters).
Methods: A standardized interview and psychometric scales were administered to all patients. Results: Repetition was associated with being of female sex (OR = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–6.2), a housewife (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.2–11.8), and having a score above median on the Beck Depression Inventory (OR = 5.2; 95% CI = 1.7–15.6).
Conclusions: The findings suggest that repeaters, namely, depressed housewives who have attempted suicide previously, need specific treatment strategies in order to avoid future suicide attempts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: To compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of first-time hospital-treated suicide attempters (first-evers) with a group of repeat suicide attempters (repeaters).
Methods: A standardized interview and psychometric scales were administered to all patients. Results: Repetition was associated with being of female sex (OR = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–6.2), a housewife (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.2–11.8), and having a score above median on the Beck Depression Inventory (OR = 5.2; 95% CI = 1.7–15.6).
Conclusions: The findings suggest that repeaters, namely, depressed housewives who have attempted suicide previously, need specific treatment strategies in order to avoid future suicide attempts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Suicides by jumping from iconic bridges in Hong Kong. By Wong, P. W. C.; Chan, W. S. C.; Lau, T. K.; Morgan, P. R.; Yip, P. S. F.
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 79-84.
Abstract
Background: Three bridges in Hong Kong have become iconic sites for suicide since their openings 11 years ago.
Aims: This retrospective record-based study aimed to examine suicides by jumping from a group of three iconic bridges in Hong Kong, and to explore potential preventive strategies on these bridges to prevent future suicide.
Methods: We examined the Coroner’s files of 12 people who killed themselves by jumping from the bridges between 1997 and 2007. We also examined the Coroner’s files of other suicides in 2003, and compared them with the bridge suicides.
Results: The majority of the suicides were male, middle-age (40–59 years), married or cohabiting, not living alone, employed or self-employed, and in financial difficulty. None of these cases had a reported psychiatric diagnosis or psychiatric care history, and only one case had a history of suicidal attempt. Compared with other suicides in Hong Kong, the bridge jumpers were more likely to be younger, holding a job, indebted, free from a psychiatric and attempt history, and to leave a suicide note (p < .05). The bridge suicide cases in Hong Kong also appeared to be different from the profiles of bridge jumpers in other countries. Conclusions: Erection of an effective safety barrier has been found to prevent bridge suicides in many countries. Given the different characteristics of bridge jumpers in Hong Kong and the technical difficulties, more innovative ways may be needed to prevent suicides by such means. Potential prevention measures are discussed and, hopefully, will better inform the future design and development of bridges of significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: This retrospective record-based study aimed to examine suicides by jumping from a group of three iconic bridges in Hong Kong, and to explore potential preventive strategies on these bridges to prevent future suicide.
Methods: We examined the Coroner’s files of 12 people who killed themselves by jumping from the bridges between 1997 and 2007. We also examined the Coroner’s files of other suicides in 2003, and compared them with the bridge suicides.
Results: The majority of the suicides were male, middle-age (40–59 years), married or cohabiting, not living alone, employed or self-employed, and in financial difficulty. None of these cases had a reported psychiatric diagnosis or psychiatric care history, and only one case had a history of suicidal attempt. Compared with other suicides in Hong Kong, the bridge jumpers were more likely to be younger, holding a job, indebted, free from a psychiatric and attempt history, and to leave a suicide note (p < .05). The bridge suicide cases in Hong Kong also appeared to be different from the profiles of bridge jumpers in other countries. Conclusions: Erection of an effective safety barrier has been found to prevent bridge suicides in many countries. Given the different characteristics of bridge jumpers in Hong Kong and the technical difficulties, more innovative ways may be needed to prevent suicides by such means. Potential prevention measures are discussed and, hopefully, will better inform the future design and development of bridges of significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Deliberate self-harm in the emergency department: Experience from Karachi, Pakistan.
By Shahid, Muhammad; Khan, Murad M.; Saleem Khan, Muhammad; Jamal, Yasir; Badshah, Aaref; Rehmani, Rifat
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 85-89.
Abstract
Background: Suicidal behavior is an understudied subject in Pakistan, a South-Asian developing country with a predominantly Muslim population.
Aims: This study examined the characteristics and management of patients presenting with Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) to the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients (n = 98), over a period of 12 months was carried out. The demographic details of patients; method of DSH and, if drugs were used, their type, route, and quantity; reason for DSH; past psychiatric history; and outcome were recorded.
Results: The mean age of subjects was 23.5 years. The majority of patients were female; most had used drugs for DSH. After initial treatment in the ED, 34 patients were admitted to medical wards for further treatment, 12 were discharged from ED, while 52 patients left against medical advice. The main reasons for leaving against medical advice were financial constraints and fear of legal issues. Seven patients had at least one previous episode of DSH.
Conclusions: Patients who left the ED without psychosocial assessment are at increased risk for repetition of DSH as well as suicide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: This study examined the characteristics and management of patients presenting with Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) to the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients (n = 98), over a period of 12 months was carried out. The demographic details of patients; method of DSH and, if drugs were used, their type, route, and quantity; reason for DSH; past psychiatric history; and outcome were recorded.
Results: The mean age of subjects was 23.5 years. The majority of patients were female; most had used drugs for DSH. After initial treatment in the ED, 34 patients were admitted to medical wards for further treatment, 12 were discharged from ED, while 52 patients left against medical advice. The main reasons for leaving against medical advice were financial constraints and fear of legal issues. Seven patients had at least one previous episode of DSH.
Conclusions: Patients who left the ED without psychosocial assessment are at increased risk for repetition of DSH as well as suicide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Characteristics of suicidal behavior in a Turkish sample.
By Ozdel, Osman; Varma, Gulfizar; Atesci, Figen C.; Oguzhanoglu, Nalan K.; Karadag, Filiz; Amuk, Tarkan
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 90-93.
Abstract
Background: Suicidal behavior is one of the most important problems in psychiatric clinics. Several sociodemographic and clinical characteristics may have different effects on suicidal behavior.
Aims: To examine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a sample of 144 suicide attempters admitted to a Turkish emergency clinic for a suicide attempt.
Methods: All subjects were interviewed by a consultant psychiatrist. For all individuals, data on DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses, sociodemographic data, Beck’s Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Becks’s Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), and Beck’s Suicidal Intention Scale (BSIS) were collected.
Results: The majority of suicide attempters were females characterized by low educational status and low religious orientation. Drug overdose was the most common method of suicide attempt and conflict within the family was the most fre uent psychological stress factor. Three- uarters of attempters (74.6%) met DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Of these, 28.5% met criteria for major depressive disorder. Suicide attempters with depression tended to be immigrant, urban dwellers with high scores on the suicide intent scale.
Conclusions: In the present study, the findings are useful in showing the risk factors related to suicidal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: To examine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a sample of 144 suicide attempters admitted to a Turkish emergency clinic for a suicide attempt.
Methods: All subjects were interviewed by a consultant psychiatrist. For all individuals, data on DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses, sociodemographic data, Beck’s Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Becks’s Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), and Beck’s Suicidal Intention Scale (BSIS) were collected.
Results: The majority of suicide attempters were females characterized by low educational status and low religious orientation. Drug overdose was the most common method of suicide attempt and conflict within the family was the most fre uent psychological stress factor. Three- uarters of attempters (74.6%) met DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Of these, 28.5% met criteria for major depressive disorder. Suicide attempters with depression tended to be immigrant, urban dwellers with high scores on the suicide intent scale.
Conclusions: In the present study, the findings are useful in showing the risk factors related to suicidal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Rethinking suicide bombing.
By Aggarwal, Neil
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 94-97.
Abstract
Background: Current issues in the emerging psychiatric literature on suicide bombing tend to center around the pathologies of suicide bombers and the role of psychiatry as an adequate tool for analysis.
Aims: Attention to broader social science research may allow mental health professionals to develop more accurate models of behavior to explain and possibly prevent future attacks.
Methods: The psychiatric literature on suicide bombing was reviewed and compared to similar anthropological literature.
Results: A probe into the methodologies of researching suicide bombing, definitions of “war” and “terrorism”, and beliefs on life, death, homicide, and suicide demonstrate that most of the psychiatric literature reflects a particular perspective which aspires towards a certain universalism.
Conclusions: Anthropological approaches can disclose standpoints taken for granted since any interventions with respect to suicide bombing must eventually account for values which are ultimately culturally determined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: Attention to broader social science research may allow mental health professionals to develop more accurate models of behavior to explain and possibly prevent future attacks.
Methods: The psychiatric literature on suicide bombing was reviewed and compared to similar anthropological literature.
Results: A probe into the methodologies of researching suicide bombing, definitions of “war” and “terrorism”, and beliefs on life, death, homicide, and suicide demonstrate that most of the psychiatric literature reflects a particular perspective which aspires towards a certain universalism.
Conclusions: Anthropological approaches can disclose standpoints taken for granted since any interventions with respect to suicide bombing must eventually account for values which are ultimately culturally determined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Suicidal behavior by burns in the province of Fars, Iran: A socioepidemiologic approach.
By Lari, Abdolaziz Rastegar; Alaghehbandan, Reza; Panjeshahin, Mohammad-Reza; Joghataei, Mohammad-Taghi
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 98-101.
Abstract
Background: While suicide by burns is a relatively uncommon form of suicide in developed countries, it is one of the most common methods of suicide in the Middle East region including Iran.
Aims: To describe epidemiologic characteristics of suicidal behaviors by burns in the province of Fars, Iran.
Methods: A prospective population-based study of all suicidal behaviors by burns requiring hospitalization was conducted in the province of Fars, Iran, from March 21, 2005 to March 20, 2006. Data were obtained from patients, family members, and/or significant others through interviews during the course of hospitalization.
Results: A total of 125 patients with suicidal behavior by burns requiring hospitalization were identified during the study period, representing an overall incidence rate of 4.3 per 100,000 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 3.6–5.1). Females (6.2 per 100,000) had a higher rate of suicidal behavior by burns than males (2.4 per 100,000; p < .001). The age-specific rate of suicidal behavior by burns peaked at age 20–29 years (10.1 per 100,000). The rate of suicidal behavior by burns was higher among single (7.2 per 100,000) vs. married persons (4.2 per 100,000; p = 0.03). Single males aged 20–39 years and young married women aged 15–29 years were at greatest risk of suicidal behavior by burns. The most common precipitating factor (74.4%) for suicidal behavior was a quarrel with a family member, a relative, and/or a friend. Conclusions: The high rate of suicidal behavior by burns among young/married women in Fars is of concern. Social, cultural, and economic factors may contribute to suicidal behavior and need to be addressed through education, support, and commitment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: To describe epidemiologic characteristics of suicidal behaviors by burns in the province of Fars, Iran.
Methods: A prospective population-based study of all suicidal behaviors by burns requiring hospitalization was conducted in the province of Fars, Iran, from March 21, 2005 to March 20, 2006. Data were obtained from patients, family members, and/or significant others through interviews during the course of hospitalization.
Results: A total of 125 patients with suicidal behavior by burns requiring hospitalization were identified during the study period, representing an overall incidence rate of 4.3 per 100,000 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 3.6–5.1). Females (6.2 per 100,000) had a higher rate of suicidal behavior by burns than males (2.4 per 100,000; p < .001). The age-specific rate of suicidal behavior by burns peaked at age 20–29 years (10.1 per 100,000). The rate of suicidal behavior by burns was higher among single (7.2 per 100,000) vs. married persons (4.2 per 100,000; p = 0.03). Single males aged 20–39 years and young married women aged 15–29 years were at greatest risk of suicidal behavior by burns. The most common precipitating factor (74.4%) for suicidal behavior was a quarrel with a family member, a relative, and/or a friend. Conclusions: The high rate of suicidal behavior by burns among young/married women in Fars is of concern. Social, cultural, and economic factors may contribute to suicidal behavior and need to be addressed through education, support, and commitment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Impulsive but fatal self-poisoning with pesticides among South Asians in Nickerie, Suriname: An exploratory autopsy study.
By van Spijker, B. A. J.; Graafsma, T.; Dullaart, H. I. A.; Kerkhof, A. J. F. M.
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 102-105.
Abstract
Background: Intentional self-poisoning with pesticides is a serious problem in many developing countries. It is a commonly used method among South Asians all over the world.
Aims: To describe the circumstances and characteristics of suicides in Nickerie, Suriname, in order to gain insight into why South Asians commonly use self-poisoning.
Methods: An exploratory psychological autopsy study was conducted among 19 survivors of 13 suicides in the Nickerie district in Suriname.
Results: Impulsivity plays an important role in self-poisonings, as well as aggression and easy accessibility of pesticides.
Conclusions: Possible answers to the question why South Asians often use self-poisoning as a method for suicide may be found in culture, upbringing, styles of communication and genetics. However, more research is needed to further explore these hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Aims: To describe the circumstances and characteristics of suicides in Nickerie, Suriname, in order to gain insight into why South Asians commonly use self-poisoning.
Methods: An exploratory psychological autopsy study was conducted among 19 survivors of 13 suicides in the Nickerie district in Suriname.
Results: Impulsivity plays an important role in self-poisonings, as well as aggression and easy accessibility of pesticides.
Conclusions: Possible answers to the question why South Asians often use self-poisoning as a method for suicide may be found in culture, upbringing, styles of communication and genetics. However, more research is needed to further explore these hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Suicide bombings—A word of caution.
By Zafar, Abdul Mueed; Fatima, Aimon
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 106-107.
Abstract
We read with interest the article by Kazim et al (see record 2008-08441-004 ) published recently in your prestigious journal. No doubt, suicide bombings have become a cause of progressive concern for the world in general and Pakistan in particular.
The authors’ contribution toward the understanding of this complex phenomenon is very commendable. Their efforts have potential application for designing strategies against these atrocities. We would like to bring some points to the consideration of your readers with regard to this article.
If we look into the making of a suicide bomber, misinterpretation of facts emerges as a persistent theme (Grimland et al., 2006; Haddad, 2004; Preti 2006). We strongly advocate the exercise of extreme caution to ensure that we are not guilty of the same sin. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The authors’ contribution toward the understanding of this complex phenomenon is very commendable. Their efforts have potential application for designing strategies against these atrocities. We would like to bring some points to the consideration of your readers with regard to this article.
If we look into the making of a suicide bomber, misinterpretation of facts emerges as a persistent theme (Grimland et al., 2006; Haddad, 2004; Preti 2006). We strongly advocate the exercise of extreme caution to ensure that we are not guilty of the same sin. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Helping borderline patients to "get a life.".
By Buda, Béla
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Vol 30(2), 2009, 108-109.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Treatment of borderline personality disorder. A guide to evidence-based practice by Joel Paris (see record 2008-10065-000 ). This book gives more to the reader than its title would suggest. It is not only a textbook on treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD), it is also a synthesis of our knowledge concerning the syndrome, its nosology, epidemiology, etiology, outcome research, and so on.
This volume is an invaluable asset for anyone working in psychiatric care and suicide prevention. It reflects a sober criticism of present-day research and practices in the behavioral sciences and is therefore suitable to be recommended to a wider public. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
This volume is an invaluable asset for anyone working in psychiatric care and suicide prevention. It reflects a sober criticism of present-day research and practices in the behavioral sciences and is therefore suitable to be recommended to a wider public. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Ambulatory assessment. By Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W.; Kubiak, Thomas; Pawlik, Kurt
European Psychologist. Vol 14(2), 2009, 95-97.
Abstract
Current psychological research mainly focuses on questionnaires or laboratory studies. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. While questionnaires have proven criterion and conceptual validity for capturing salient personality trait and state variance, they fall short of such validity when variations of actual behavior in real-life settings are sought.
Recent criticism of such a questionnaire approach emphasized undue reliance on memory processes that are open to distortions or biases. On the other hand, behavior under a controlled laboratory setting may prove unrepresentative if this condition does not match real-life situation characteristics. Both methodologies appear to lack ecological validity. Ambulatory assessment methodology has the potential to resolve some of these problems, by investigating self-report, physiology, or behavior in (nearly) real-time in everyday life. Furthermore, ambulatory assessment can help to validate questionnaires and laboratory findings by examining their generalizability to actual behavior in everyday life. In this special section, experts in the field of ambulatory assessment review the progress in their specialized disciplines: in developmental psychology, clinical psychology, work and organizational psychology, and biological psychology.
An additional paper is dedicated to ambulatory activity monitoring, which is an approach to objectively assess actual behavior in everyday life; a widely neglected research topic in psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Recent criticism of such a questionnaire approach emphasized undue reliance on memory processes that are open to distortions or biases. On the other hand, behavior under a controlled laboratory setting may prove unrepresentative if this condition does not match real-life situation characteristics. Both methodologies appear to lack ecological validity. Ambulatory assessment methodology has the potential to resolve some of these problems, by investigating self-report, physiology, or behavior in (nearly) real-time in everyday life. Furthermore, ambulatory assessment can help to validate questionnaires and laboratory findings by examining their generalizability to actual behavior in everyday life. In this special section, experts in the field of ambulatory assessment review the progress in their specialized disciplines: in developmental psychology, clinical psychology, work and organizational psychology, and biological psychology.
An additional paper is dedicated to ambulatory activity monitoring, which is an approach to objectively assess actual behavior in everyday life; a widely neglected research topic in psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Ambulatory assessment in lifespan psychology: An overview of current status and new trends.
By Hoppmann, Christiane A.; Riediger, Michaela
European Psychologist. Vol 14(2), 2009, 98-108.
Abstract
Ambulatory assessment represents a powerful research tool in lifespan psychology because it allows assessing the within-person variability of developmental processes as it occurs within context-specific influences of people’s natural environments. Following a discussion of historical origins, we review four current research themes in developmentally relevant ambulatory assessment studies that use electronic devices as assessment instruments: (a) affective-motivational development, (b) social contexts of development, (c) age-related challenges and everyday functioning, and (d) cognitive development. Overall, the reviewed research demonstrates that ambulatory assessment complements traditional developmental study designs and laboratory assessments in important ways.
Acknowledging the strengths and limitations of ambulatory assessment approaches, we propose that ambulatory assessment will benefit lifespan psychology most if it becomes an integral part of multimethod investigations of developmental phenomena that balance the external and internal validity of findings. Future research should strengthen the lifespan perspective in ambulatory assessment approaches, combine multiple indicators (subjective and objective) of successful development, and attend to the fact that individual development often interacts with significant others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Acknowledging the strengths and limitations of ambulatory assessment approaches, we propose that ambulatory assessment will benefit lifespan psychology most if it becomes an integral part of multimethod investigations of developmental phenomena that balance the external and internal validity of findings. Future research should strengthen the lifespan perspective in ambulatory assessment approaches, combine multiple indicators (subjective and objective) of successful development, and attend to the fact that individual development often interacts with significant others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Ambulatory assessment: An innovative and promising approach for clinical psychology.
By Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W.; Trull, Timothy J.
European Psychologist. Vol 14(2), 2009, 109-119.
Abstract
Convergent experimental data, autobiographical studies, and investigations on daily life have all demonstrated that gathering information retrospectively is a highly dubious methodology. Retrospection is subject to multiple systematic distortions (i.e., affective valence effect, mood congruent memory effect, duration neglect; peak end rule) as it is based on (often biased) storage and recollection of memories of the original experience or the behavior that are of interest.
The method of choice to circumvent these biases is the use of electronic diaries to collect self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes in real time. Different terms have been used for this kind of methodology: ambulatory assessment, ecological momentary assessment, experience sampling method, and real-time data capture. Even though the terms differ, they have in common the use of computer-assisted methodology to assess self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes, while the participant undergoes normal daily activities.
In this review we discuss the main features and advantages of ambulatory assessment regarding clinical psychology and psychiatry: (a) the use of realtime assessment to circumvent biased recollection, (b) assessment in real life to enhance generalizability, (c) repeated assessment to investigate within person processes, (d) multimodal assessment, including psychological, physiological and behavioral data, (e) the opportunity to assess and investigate context-specific relationships, and (f) the possibility of giving feedback in real time. Using prototypic examples from the literature of clinical psychology and psychiatry, we demonstrate that ambulatory assessment can answer specific research questions better than laboratory or questionnaire studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The method of choice to circumvent these biases is the use of electronic diaries to collect self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes in real time. Different terms have been used for this kind of methodology: ambulatory assessment, ecological momentary assessment, experience sampling method, and real-time data capture. Even though the terms differ, they have in common the use of computer-assisted methodology to assess self-reported symptoms, behaviors, or physiological processes, while the participant undergoes normal daily activities.
In this review we discuss the main features and advantages of ambulatory assessment regarding clinical psychology and psychiatry: (a) the use of realtime assessment to circumvent biased recollection, (b) assessment in real life to enhance generalizability, (c) repeated assessment to investigate within person processes, (d) multimodal assessment, including psychological, physiological and behavioral data, (e) the opportunity to assess and investigate context-specific relationships, and (f) the possibility of giving feedback in real time. Using prototypic examples from the literature of clinical psychology and psychiatry, we demonstrate that ambulatory assessment can answer specific research questions better than laboratory or questionnaire studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The vicissitudes of conflict measurement: Stability and reliability in the frequency of disagreements.
By Burk, William J.; Denissen, Jaap; Van Doorn, Muriel D.; Branje, Susan J.T.; Laursen, Brett
European Psychologist. Vol 14(2), 2009, 153-159.
Abstract
This report examined the stability and reliability of self-reported conflict frequency in relationships with mothers, fathers, and best friends. Participants were drawn from three independent samples in the Netherlands (n = 72, M = 15.6 years), Germany (n = 242, M = 19.7 years), and the United States (n = 250, M = 19.8 years). Participants completed both topic-based surveys and interaction-based diary assessments of conflict frequency. Within samples, comparable levels of internal consistency and temporal stability emerged in each relationship for both assessment techniques.
Topic-based and interaction-based assessments of conflict frequency were moderately correlated in each relationship within samples. Daily topic-based assessments with short intervals between time points may provide the most advantageous assessment strategy for obtaining reliable measures of conflict frequency in adolescents’ close relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Topic-based and interaction-based assessments of conflict frequency were moderately correlated in each relationship within samples. Daily topic-based assessments with short intervals between time points may provide the most advantageous assessment strategy for obtaining reliable measures of conflict frequency in adolescents’ close relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance: New developments from attentional control theory.
By Derakshan, Nazanin; Eysenck, Michael W.
European Psychologist. Vol 14(2), 2009, 168-176.
Abstract
There have been many attempts to account theoretically for the effects of anxiety on cognitive performance. This article focuses on two theories based on insights from cognitive psychology. The more recent is the attentional control theory (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007), which developed from the earlier processing efficiency theory (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992). Both theories assume there is a fundamental distinction between performance effectiveness (quality of performance) and processing efficiency (the relationship between performance effectiveness and use of processing resources), and that anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than performance effectiveness.
Both theories also assume that anxiety impairs the efficiency of the central executive component of the working memory system. In addition, attentional control theory assumes that anxiety impairs the efficiency of two types of attentional control: (1) negative attentional control (involved in inhibiting attention to task-irrelevant stimuli); and (2) positive attentional control (involved in flexibly switching attention between and within tasks to maximize performance).
Recent (including unpublished) research relevant to theoretical predictions from attentional control theory is discussed. In addition, future directions for theory and research in the area of anxiety and performance are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Abstract
Both theories also assume that anxiety impairs the efficiency of the central executive component of the working memory system. In addition, attentional control theory assumes that anxiety impairs the efficiency of two types of attentional control: (1) negative attentional control (involved in inhibiting attention to task-irrelevant stimuli); and (2) positive attentional control (involved in flexibly switching attention between and within tasks to maximize performance).
Recent (including unpublished) research relevant to theoretical predictions from attentional control theory is discussed. In addition, future directions for theory and research in the area of anxiety and performance are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Unspoken cultural influence: Exposure to and influence of nonverbal bias.
By Weisbuch, Max; Ambady, Nalini
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 96(6), Jun 2009, 1104-1119.
Abstract
The authors examined the extent to which nonverbal behavior contributes to culturally shared attitudes and beliefs. In Study 1, especially slim women elicited especially positive nonverbal behaviors in popular television shows. In Study 2, exposure to this nonverbal bias caused women to have especially slim cultural and personal ideals of female beauty and to have especially positive attitudes toward slim women.
In Study 3, individual differences in exposure to such nonverbal bias accounted for substantial variance in pro-slim attitudes, anti-fat attitudes, and personal ideals of beauty, even after controlling for several third variables. In Study 4, regional differences in exposure to nonverbal bias accounted for substantial variance in regional unhealthy dieting behaviors, even after controlling for several third variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
In Study 3, individual differences in exposure to such nonverbal bias accounted for substantial variance in pro-slim attitudes, anti-fat attitudes, and personal ideals of beauty, even after controlling for several third variables. In Study 4, regional differences in exposure to nonverbal bias accounted for substantial variance in regional unhealthy dieting behaviors, even after controlling for several third variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Using the five-factor model to identify a new personality disorder domain: The case for experiential permeability.
By Piedmont, Ralph L.; Sherman, Martin F.; Sherman, Nancy C.; Dy-Liacco, Gabriel S.; Williams, Joseph E. G.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 96(6), Jun 2009, 1245-1258.
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to demonstrate that maladaptive aspects of high and low Openness to Experience were related to characterological impairment and that this aspect of personality may define a new domain of personality dysfunction.
The 55-item Experiential Permeability Inventory (EPI; containing 4 scales) was developed and demonstrated to have acceptable psychometric properties. Evidence of convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity was provided. These studies provide a methodological framework for identifying and developing aspects of personality dysfunction that can expand the comprehensiveness of the current set of Axis II disorders. Theoretical implications of the EPI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
The 55-item Experiential Permeability Inventory (EPI; containing 4 scales) was developed and demonstrated to have acceptable psychometric properties. Evidence of convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity was provided. These studies provide a methodological framework for identifying and developing aspects of personality dysfunction that can expand the comprehensiveness of the current set of Axis II disorders. Theoretical implications of the EPI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Racial discrimination and the stress process.
By Ong, Anthony D.; Fuller-Rowell, Thomas; Burrow, Anthony L.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 96(6), Jun 2009, 1259-1271.
Abstract
The unique and combined effects of chronic and daily racial discrimination on psychological distress were examined in a sample of 174 African American doctoral students and graduates. Using a daily process design, 5 models of the stress process were tested. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses revealed that chronic exposure to racial discrimination predicted greater daily discrimination and psychological distress.
Further, results show that differences in daily discrimination and negative events accounted for meaningful variation in daily distress responses. Finally, findings indicate that daily discrimination and negative events mediated the relationship between chronic discrimination and psychological distress. The study provides support for the need to measure chronic strains as distinctive from daily stressors in the lives of African Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Further, results show that differences in daily discrimination and negative events accounted for meaningful variation in daily distress responses. Finally, findings indicate that daily discrimination and negative events mediated the relationship between chronic discrimination and psychological distress. The study provides support for the need to measure chronic strains as distinctive from daily stressors in the lives of African Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Identifying at-risk, ethnically diverse stroke caregivers for counseling: A longitudinal study of mental health.
By Perrin, Paul B.; Heesacker, Martin; Hinojosa, Melanie Sberna; Uthe, Catherine E.; Rittman, Maude R.
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 138-149.
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined (1) causality in the relationship between stroke caregiver mental health and care-recipient functioning, and (2) the prediction from stroke caregiver and care-recipient variables 5 months and 11 months later.
Research Method: Questionnaire, interview, and observational data were collected from 124 ethnically diverse stroke caregiver/care-recipient dyads in the homes of care recipients at 1, 6, and 12 months after discharge.
Results: The magnitudes of the causal pathways between stroke caregiver mental health and care-recipient functioning were not significantly different. At 1 month after discharge, the best predictors of poor caregiver mental health 11 months later were care-recipient low daily functioning and caregiver low sense of coherence, high burden, and high depression.
Conclusions: Caregiver mental health and care-recipient functioning may have reciprocal causal influence on each other, so one of the first steps in stroke rehabilitation may be providing counseling to the primary caregiver. Caregivers with high burden, a low sense of coherence, and a low-functioning care recipient are those most at risk for poor mental health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Research Method: Questionnaire, interview, and observational data were collected from 124 ethnically diverse stroke caregiver/care-recipient dyads in the homes of care recipients at 1, 6, and 12 months after discharge.
Results: The magnitudes of the causal pathways between stroke caregiver mental health and care-recipient functioning were not significantly different. At 1 month after discharge, the best predictors of poor caregiver mental health 11 months later were care-recipient low daily functioning and caregiver low sense of coherence, high burden, and high depression.
Conclusions: Caregiver mental health and care-recipient functioning may have reciprocal causal influence on each other, so one of the first steps in stroke rehabilitation may be providing counseling to the primary caregiver. Caregivers with high burden, a low sense of coherence, and a low-functioning care recipient are those most at risk for poor mental health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The working alliance and employment outcomes for people with severe mental illness enrolled in vocational programs.
By Kukla, Marina; Bond, Gary R.
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 157-163.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the working alliance and employment outcomes in persons with severe mental illness receiving vocational services. Another purpose of this study was to determine whether working alliance differences exist between clients receiving evidence-based supported employment services and those receiving traditional stepwise vocational services.
Design: This study was a secondary analysis of a 2-year randomized controlled trial comparing two employment programs providing services to people with severe mental illness.
Results: Contrary to expectations, no overall relationship was found between the working alliance and employment outcomes. As predicted, supported employment participants each assigned to a single vocational worker had more positive working alliances than participants served by a team of vocational workers in the traditional vocational program.
Conclusions/Implications: The lack of an association between the working alliance and employment outcomes is inconsistent with previous literature. Further research is needed using standardized working alliance measures and larger samples that include both working and nonworking clients. Evidence-based supported employment, which employs individual caseloads, seems to foster better relationships than a team-based vocational approach, although future research is needed to replicate this finding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Design: This study was a secondary analysis of a 2-year randomized controlled trial comparing two employment programs providing services to people with severe mental illness.
Results: Contrary to expectations, no overall relationship was found between the working alliance and employment outcomes. As predicted, supported employment participants each assigned to a single vocational worker had more positive working alliances than participants served by a team of vocational workers in the traditional vocational program.
Conclusions/Implications: The lack of an association between the working alliance and employment outcomes is inconsistent with previous literature. Further research is needed using standardized working alliance measures and larger samples that include both working and nonworking clients. Evidence-based supported employment, which employs individual caseloads, seems to foster better relationships than a team-based vocational approach, although future research is needed to replicate this finding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Effects of depressive symptoms on health behavior practices among older adults with vision loss.
By Jones, Gwyn C.; Rovner, Barry W.; Crews, John E.; Danielson, Melissa L.
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 164-172.
Abstract
Objective: The authors examined the interface between visual impairment and depressive symptoms on health behaviors, self-care, and social participation among adults ages 65 and older.
Method: The authors analyzed data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey on visual impairment and depressive symptoms for 49,278 adults ages 65 and older, comparing visually impaired adults (n = 8,787) with and without depressive symptoms with a reference group of adults with neither condition (n = 3,136) for outcome measures: physical health, health behaviors, and difficulties with self-care and social participation.
Results: Adults with visual impairment and severe depressive symptoms were more likely than adults with neither condition to smoke (14.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.6), be obese (28.2%, AOR = 1.9), be physically inactive (80.5%, AOR = 3.0), have fair–poor health (76.0%, AOR = 26.5), and have difficulties with self-care (27.9%, AOR = 11.8) and social participation (52.1%, AOR = 10.9).
Discussion and Conclusions: Older visually impaired adults with depressive symptoms are vulnerable to health decline and further disablement without timely interventions that target smoking cessation, healthy eating, and increased physical activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Method: The authors analyzed data from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey on visual impairment and depressive symptoms for 49,278 adults ages 65 and older, comparing visually impaired adults (n = 8,787) with and without depressive symptoms with a reference group of adults with neither condition (n = 3,136) for outcome measures: physical health, health behaviors, and difficulties with self-care and social participation.
Results: Adults with visual impairment and severe depressive symptoms were more likely than adults with neither condition to smoke (14.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.6), be obese (28.2%, AOR = 1.9), be physically inactive (80.5%, AOR = 3.0), have fair–poor health (76.0%, AOR = 26.5), and have difficulties with self-care (27.9%, AOR = 11.8) and social participation (52.1%, AOR = 10.9).
Discussion and Conclusions: Older visually impaired adults with depressive symptoms are vulnerable to health decline and further disablement without timely interventions that target smoking cessation, healthy eating, and increased physical activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Quality of informal care is multidimensional.
By Christie, Juliette; Smith, G. Rush; Williamson, Gail M.; Lance, Charles E.; Shovali, Tamar E.; Silva, Luciana C.
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 173-181.
Abstract
Purpose: To demonstrate that assessing quality of informal care involves more than merely determining whether care recipient needs for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) are routinely satisfied. We investigated the extent to which potentially harmful behavior (PHB), adequate care, and exemplary care (EC) are empirically distinct dimensions of quality of care.
Design: 237 care recipients completed the quality of care measures, and their caregivers completed psychosocial measures of their own depression, life events, cognitive status, and perceptions of pre-illness relationship quality.
Results: Although PHB was moderately related to EC, adequate care was not associated with PHB and was only slightly related to EC. Psychosocial variables were not related to adequate care but were differentially associated with PHB and EC, providing additional evidence for the distinction between these measures of quality of care. Conclusions: ADL assistance can be adequate in the presence of PHB and/or the absence of EC. Declines in EC may signal increases in PHB, independent of adequacy of care. These findings produce a brief, portable, and more comprehensive instrument for assessing quality of informal care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Design: 237 care recipients completed the quality of care measures, and their caregivers completed psychosocial measures of their own depression, life events, cognitive status, and perceptions of pre-illness relationship quality.
Results: Although PHB was moderately related to EC, adequate care was not associated with PHB and was only slightly related to EC. Psychosocial variables were not related to adequate care but were differentially associated with PHB and EC, providing additional evidence for the distinction between these measures of quality of care. Conclusions: ADL assistance can be adequate in the presence of PHB and/or the absence of EC. Declines in EC may signal increases in PHB, independent of adequacy of care. These findings produce a brief, portable, and more comprehensive instrument for assessing quality of informal care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Development of an item bank for the assessment of depression in persons with mental illnesses and physical diseases using Rasch analysis.
By Forkmann, Thomas; Boecker, Maren; Norra, Christine; Eberle, Nicole; Kircher, Tilo; Schauerte, Patrick; Mischke, Karl; Westhofen, Martin; Gauggel, Siegfried; Wirtz, Markus
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 186-197.
Abstract
Objective: The calibration of item banks provides the basis for computerized adaptive testing that ensures high diagnostic precision and minimizes participants’ test burden. The present study aimed at developing a new item bank that allows for assessing depression in persons with mental and persons with somatic diseases.
Method: The sample consisted of 161 participants treated for a depressive syndrome, and 206 participants with somatic illnesses (103 cardiologic, 103 otorhinolaryngologic; overall mean age = 44.1 years, SD =14.0; 44.7% women) to allow for validation of the item bank in both groups. Persons answered a pool of 182 depression items on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results: Evaluation of Rasch model fit (infit <>2.0), and reliability (>.80) resulted in a bank of 79 items with good psychometric properties. Conclusions: The bank provides items with a wide range of content coverage and may serve as a sound basis for computerized adaptive testing applications. It might also be useful for researchers who wish to develop new fixed-length scales for the assessment of depression in specific rehabilitation settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Method: The sample consisted of 161 participants treated for a depressive syndrome, and 206 participants with somatic illnesses (103 cardiologic, 103 otorhinolaryngologic; overall mean age = 44.1 years, SD =14.0; 44.7% women) to allow for validation of the item bank in both groups. Persons answered a pool of 182 depression items on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results: Evaluation of Rasch model fit (infit <>2.0), and reliability (>.80) resulted in a bank of 79 items with good psychometric properties. Conclusions: The bank provides items with a wide range of content coverage and may serve as a sound basis for computerized adaptive testing applications. It might also be useful for researchers who wish to develop new fixed-length scales for the assessment of depression in specific rehabilitation settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Improving measurement properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 with rating scale analysis.
By Williams, Ryan T.; Heinemann, Allen W.; Bode, Rita K.; Wilson, Catherine S.; Fann, Jesse R.; Tate, Denise G.; PRISMS Investigators, University of Washington, US
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 198-203.
Abstract
Objective: The goal of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9; R. L. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, & J. B. W. Williams, 1999).
Method: Factor analysis and Rasch rating scale analysis were used to examine the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9. The sample consisted of 202 adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Results: The PHQ-9 items appear to form a usefully unidimensional scale. One “double-barreled” item, “Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed or being so fidgety or restless that you’ve been moving around a lot more than usual,” misfit the Rasch model. Category probability curves indicate respondent difficulty in distinguishing between the 2 intermediate rating scale categories: several days and more than half the days. Combining these categories eliminated this problem and resulted in all items fitting the measurement model.
Conclusions: The measurement properties of the PHQ-9 can be improved by collapsing rating scale categories and by restructuring several double- and triple-barreled items. Adopting these changes may improve sensitivity in measuring depression after SCI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Method: Factor analysis and Rasch rating scale analysis were used to examine the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9. The sample consisted of 202 adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Results: The PHQ-9 items appear to form a usefully unidimensional scale. One “double-barreled” item, “Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed or being so fidgety or restless that you’ve been moving around a lot more than usual,” misfit the Rasch model. Category probability curves indicate respondent difficulty in distinguishing between the 2 intermediate rating scale categories: several days and more than half the days. Combining these categories eliminated this problem and resulted in all items fitting the measurement model.
Conclusions: The measurement properties of the PHQ-9 can be improved by collapsing rating scale categories and by restructuring several double- and triple-barreled items. Adopting these changes may improve sensitivity in measuring depression after SCI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Adapting health education material for deaf audiences.
By Pollard Jr., Robert Q; Dean, Robyn K.; O’Hearn, Amanda; Haynes, Sharon L.
Rehabilitation Psychology. Vol 54(2), May 2009, 232-238.
Abstract
Problem: The deaf population is an often-overlooked limited English proficiency (LEP) group at risk for health disparities associated with low health literacy. Lack of access to health information conveyed via radio, television, or ambient auditory sources such as public conversation further aggravates this population’s low health literacy. Methods of adapting health education material for hearing LEP populations do not reach deaf audiences with equal effectiveness.
Method: We adapt health education material for deaf audiences by first determining the “learning points” contained in vetted source material. A dialog-based film script covering those learning points is created. Supplemental content addressing common deaf population knowledge gaps and sociocultural experiences is added. Deaf actors are filmed following the adapted American Sign Language (ASL) script. Their ASL is back-translated into English to yield vocal track and subtitle scripts. The source material author(s) are consulted throughout the process to assure the film’s adherence to the learning point list.
Results: Users report that the adapted product is more relevant, engaging, and effective for deaf audiences. Conclusion: This adaptation approach may aid in reducing deaf population health disparities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Method: We adapt health education material for deaf audiences by first determining the “learning points” contained in vetted source material. A dialog-based film script covering those learning points is created. Supplemental content addressing common deaf population knowledge gaps and sociocultural experiences is added. Deaf actors are filmed following the adapted American Sign Language (ASL) script. Their ASL is back-translated into English to yield vocal track and subtitle scripts. The source material author(s) are consulted throughout the process to assure the film’s adherence to the learning point list.
Results: Users report that the adapted product is more relevant, engaging, and effective for deaf audiences. Conclusion: This adaptation approach may aid in reducing deaf population health disparities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
As time goes by.
By Elkind, David
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Human development from early childhood to early adulthood: Findings from a 20-year longitudinal study by Wolfgang Schneider and Merry Bullock (see record 2008-10321-000 ). The basic question that longitudinal studies seek to answer is this: Do the fundamental things of life truly remain the same from childhood to adolescence? The Longitudinal Study of Ontogenesis of Individual Competencies, the study reported in Human Development From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: Findings From a 20-Year Longitudinal Study, was carried out in Munich, Germany, during the 1980s and 1990s under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute. The aims of the study were ambitious and covered the assessment of age changes in domains varying from intelligence and personality to motor ability and reading and spelling. This research serves to reminds us, while some of the fundamental things of life do change, others do remain the same as time goes by. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Explaining political behavior through situational and dispositional factors.
By Warner, Ruth
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Political psychology: Situations, individuals, and cases by David Patrick Houghton (see record 2008-10245-000 ). Political psychology aims to examine the application of psychological processes to the political field, which is also the aim of this book. Overall, the book is written in an engaging manner and would serve as a good introduction for students to political psychology. It uses an interesting framework for discussing political behavior and prompts critical thinking from students. The book will be most useful to instructors of undergraduate political psychology courses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
The development of violence and serious offending: Forging ahead.
By Viljoen, Jodi; Spice, Andrew
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood by Rolf Loeber, David P. Farrington, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, and Helene Raskin White (see record 2008-10359-000 ). Rather than reviewing what is already known, this book presents new findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS).
The PYS is one of the most important and impressive studies on offending that have been conducted to date. Its merits are extensive and include a large and carefully selected sample, low attrition rates, lengthy and numerous follow-ups spanning from childhood into adulthood, comprehensive measurement strategies, and sophisticated data analytic methods. The book is organized into four sections: Introduction and Methods; The Epidemiology of Violence, Serious Theft, Substance Use, Drug Dealing, and Gang Membership; Prediction of Violence, Serious Theft, and Desistance; and the final section, Conclusions, which reviews the key contributions of the PYS and discusses how the findings are relevant to policy and interventions.
This is a remarkable book on a truly remarkable and unparalleled study. The authors are, without a doubt, among the most respected and important researchers in this field, and the PYS data are so rich that they seem to address an infinite number of research questions. This book offers something for everyone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
The PYS is one of the most important and impressive studies on offending that have been conducted to date. Its merits are extensive and include a large and carefully selected sample, low attrition rates, lengthy and numerous follow-ups spanning from childhood into adulthood, comprehensive measurement strategies, and sophisticated data analytic methods. The book is organized into four sections: Introduction and Methods; The Epidemiology of Violence, Serious Theft, Substance Use, Drug Dealing, and Gang Membership; Prediction of Violence, Serious Theft, and Desistance; and the final section, Conclusions, which reviews the key contributions of the PYS and discusses how the findings are relevant to policy and interventions.
This is a remarkable book on a truly remarkable and unparalleled study. The authors are, without a doubt, among the most respected and important researchers in this field, and the PYS data are so rich that they seem to address an infinite number of research questions. This book offers something for everyone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Envy: From religion to marketing, a multidisciplinary review.
By Donner, Michael B.
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Envy: Theory and research by Richard H. Smith (see record 2008-11222-000 ). This book is a fascinating and wide-ranging exploration of the subject of envy. When editor Richard Smith describes the problem of defining envy as inconvenient, he vastly understates the problem.
This book examines envy from multiple points of view. There are 16 chapters and at least that many different ways to define and explain the concept. Envy has so many different uses and is applied to such a wide array of situations that the authors are unable to find a common definition for the word, despite its widespread professional and colloquial usage. Nevertheless, the topic is provocative, and, by locating the discussion across disciplines and dimensions, the editor provides an opportunity for the reader. Envy seems to be a concept that people think they know when they see it and thus requires little elaboration, yet this book gives the lie to that belief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
This book examines envy from multiple points of view. There are 16 chapters and at least that many different ways to define and explain the concept. Envy has so many different uses and is applied to such a wide array of situations that the authors are unable to find a common definition for the word, despite its widespread professional and colloquial usage. Nevertheless, the topic is provocative, and, by locating the discussion across disciplines and dimensions, the editor provides an opportunity for the reader. Envy seems to be a concept that people think they know when they see it and thus requires little elaboration, yet this book gives the lie to that belief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Schoolwide prevention: Courage and wisdom to change children’s lives.
By Esquivel, Giselle B.
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Schoolwide prevention models: Lessons learned in elementary schools, edited by Charles R. Greenwood, Thomas R. Kratochwill, and Melissa Clements (see record 2008-12116-000 ). The timeliness of this book as a professional resource is made salient by the immediacy with which school psychology and education as disciplines are ready to validate and adopt evidence-based prevention methods that have a positive impact on children’s lives.
The authors provide a rationale for the need for early interventions that target social behavior and literacy as potential risk factors that influence long-term academic success and adjustment of students. Given the importance of school-based prevention, this book should be of interest and value to school psychologists, guidance counselors, educators, educational researchers, graduate students in education related fields, and other professionals involved in providing services to children in school settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
The authors provide a rationale for the need for early interventions that target social behavior and literacy as potential risk factors that influence long-term academic success and adjustment of students. Given the importance of school-based prevention, this book should be of interest and value to school psychologists, guidance counselors, educators, educational researchers, graduate students in education related fields, and other professionals involved in providing services to children in school settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Accentuating the positive. By Alford, Joe
PsycCRITIQUES. Vol 54(21), 2009, No Pagination Specified.
Abstract
Reviews the book, Preventing suicide: The solution focused approach by John Henden (see record 2008-12948-000 ). This book is is a manual on the application of solution-focused therapy (SFT) to prevent suicide. Written by John Henden, a British counselor and psychotherapist, it is a dense how-to guide that is full of clinical vignettes and concrete tips on using SFT with suicidal persons.
SFT was developed in the United States in the 1970s by Steve de Shazer and his colleagues; it grew out of the strategic approaches to family psychotherapy developed by Watzlawick (1978), Haley (1973), and others. This book makes a strong contribution to the literature on working with persons who are suicidal. It is written by a clinician who has clearly devoted a great deal of effort and energy to learning how to help such people. I think that it would be of interest to both established clinicians and clinical trainees who are interested in practical approaches to helping persons with suicidal ideation or intent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
SFT was developed in the United States in the 1970s by Steve de Shazer and his colleagues; it grew out of the strategic approaches to family psychotherapy developed by Watzlawick (1978), Haley (1973), and others. This book makes a strong contribution to the literature on working with persons who are suicidal. It is written by a clinician who has clearly devoted a great deal of effort and energy to learning how to help such people. I think that it would be of interest to both established clinicians and clinical trainees who are interested in practical approaches to helping persons with suicidal ideation or intent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Daily negative mood affects fasting glucose in Type 2 diabetes.
By Skaff, Marilyn M.; Mullan, Joseph T.; Almeida, David M.; Hoffman, Lesa; Masharani, Umesh; Mohr, David; Fisher, Lawrence
Health Psychology. Vol 28(3), May 2009, 265-272.
Abstract
Objective: To examine the relationship between mood and blood glucose in a 21-day daily diary study.
Design: During a home visit, information was gathered from 206 persons with Type 2 diabetes regarding demographics, disease characteristics and treatment, and depressive symptoms. They had blood drawn at a laboratory, yielding HbA1C. The participants were then telephoned each evening for 21 days and were asked about their positive and negative mood during the past 24 hours. They also tested their blood glucose upon rising in the morning.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcomes measures were positive and negative affect and fasting glucose.
Results: Multilevel analyses revealed a relationship between negative affect on one day and morning glucose on the next day. There was no such relationship between positive affect and glucose, nor was there a comparable effect of glucose on one day and either positive or negative affect on the next day.
Conclusion: The observed relationship between mood and blood glucose appears to be because of negative affect, not positive, with no evidence of a lagged effect of glucose on mood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Design: During a home visit, information was gathered from 206 persons with Type 2 diabetes regarding demographics, disease characteristics and treatment, and depressive symptoms. They had blood drawn at a laboratory, yielding HbA1C. The participants were then telephoned each evening for 21 days and were asked about their positive and negative mood during the past 24 hours. They also tested their blood glucose upon rising in the morning.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcomes measures were positive and negative affect and fasting glucose.
Results: Multilevel analyses revealed a relationship between negative affect on one day and morning glucose on the next day. There was no such relationship between positive affect and glucose, nor was there a comparable effect of glucose on one day and either positive or negative affect on the next day.
Conclusion: The observed relationship between mood and blood glucose appears to be because of negative affect, not positive, with no evidence of a lagged effect of glucose on mood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study.
By Lehman, Barbara J.; Taylor, Shelley E.; Kiefe, Catarina I.; Seeman, Teresa E.
Health Psychology. Vol 28(3), May 2009, 338-346.
Abstract
Objective: Low childhood socioeconomic status (CSES) and a harsh early family environment have been linked with health disorders in adulthood. In this study, the authors present a model to help explain these links and relate the model to blood pressure change over a 10-year period in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults sample. Design: Participants (N = 2,738) completed measures of childhood family environment, parental education, health behavior, and adult negative emotionality.
Main Outcome Measures: These variables were used to predict initial systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) and the rate of blood pressure change over 10 years.
Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that family environment was related to negative emotions, which in turn predicted baseline DBP and SBP and change in SBP. Parental education directly predicted change in SBP. Although African American participants had higher SBP and DBP and steeper increases over time, multiple group comparisons indicated that the strength of most pathways was similar across race and gender.
Conclusion: Low CSES and harsh family environments help to explain variability in cardiovascular risk. Low CSES predicted increased blood pressure over time directly and also indirectly through associations with childhood family environment, negative emotionality, and health behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Main Outcome Measures: These variables were used to predict initial systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) and the rate of blood pressure change over 10 years.
Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that family environment was related to negative emotions, which in turn predicted baseline DBP and SBP and change in SBP. Parental education directly predicted change in SBP. Although African American participants had higher SBP and DBP and steeper increases over time, multiple group comparisons indicated that the strength of most pathways was similar across race and gender.
Conclusion: Low CSES and harsh family environments help to explain variability in cardiovascular risk. Low CSES predicted increased blood pressure over time directly and also indirectly through associations with childhood family environment, negative emotionality, and health behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Early manifestations of personality and adult health: A life course perspective.
By Kubzansky, Laura D.; Martin, Laurie T.; Buka, Stephen L.
Health Psychology. Vol 28(3), May 2009, 364-372.
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether individual personality or temperamental qualities that emerge early and persist over the life course, predict adult midlife health. Specific childhood personality attributes considered include distress proneness, behavioral inhibition, and ability to stay focused on a task.
Design: Prospective data are from 569 individuals followed from birth into adulthood.
Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes include two different measures of adult health: self-rated general health, and number of illnesses in adulthood.
Results: Childhood personality attributes related to attention and distress were significantly associated with adult health, with stronger effects evident among women. Children with high attention reported better self-rated health (b = 0.12, p < .05) and fewer illnesses (b = -0.09, p < .01) as adults; more distress-prone children reported worse self-rated health (b = -0.15, p < .05) and more illnesses (b = 0.07, p < .09) as adults. Conclusion: Associations between child personality attributes with both general self-rated health and number of illnesses in adulthood were maintained after taking account of childhood social environment and child health. Findings indicate that early emerging personality and related processes influence adult physical health, and suggest the potential value of interventions targeting early life development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Design: Prospective data are from 569 individuals followed from birth into adulthood.
Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes include two different measures of adult health: self-rated general health, and number of illnesses in adulthood.
Results: Childhood personality attributes related to attention and distress were significantly associated with adult health, with stronger effects evident among women. Children with high attention reported better self-rated health (b = 0.12, p < .05) and fewer illnesses (b = -0.09, p < .01) as adults; more distress-prone children reported worse self-rated health (b = -0.15, p < .05) and more illnesses (b = 0.07, p < .09) as adults. Conclusion: Associations between child personality attributes with both general self-rated health and number of illnesses in adulthood were maintained after taking account of childhood social environment and child health. Findings indicate that early emerging personality and related processes influence adult physical health, and suggest the potential value of interventions targeting early life development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with chronic illnesses: A meta-analysis.
By Cabizuca, Mariana; Marques-Portella, Carla; Mendlowicz, Mauro V.; Coutinho, Evandro S. F.; Figueira, Ivan
Health Psychology. Vol 28(3), May 2009, 379-388.
Abstract
Objective: To estimate PTSD prevalence in parents of children with chronic illnesses or undergoing invasive procedures, and its association with higher risk of PTSD among parents.
Methods: Sixteen studies reporting prevalence of PTSD in parents of children with chronic illnesses were identified through a systematic review in Pubmed, Web of Science, Pilots and PsycINFO databases.
Main Outcome Measures: Pooled current PTSD prevalence was calculated for parents from these studies. Pooled PTSD prevalence ratios were obtained by comparing parents of children with chronic diseases with parents of healthy children. Meta-regression was used to identify variables that could account for the lack of homogeneity.
Results: Pooled PTSD prevalence was 19.6% in mothers, 11.6% in fathers, and 22.8% in parents in general (p < .001). Pooled prevalence ratio for the four studies reporting on mothers and comparison healthy groups was 4.2 (p < .001). Conclusions: The high prevalence of PTSD found in this population highlights the importance of promptly assessing and treating post-traumatic symptoms in parents of children with chronic diseases as a key step to prevent the negative consequences of PTSD and preserve their competency as caregivers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Methods: Sixteen studies reporting prevalence of PTSD in parents of children with chronic illnesses were identified through a systematic review in Pubmed, Web of Science, Pilots and PsycINFO databases.
Main Outcome Measures: Pooled current PTSD prevalence was calculated for parents from these studies. Pooled PTSD prevalence ratios were obtained by comparing parents of children with chronic diseases with parents of healthy children. Meta-regression was used to identify variables that could account for the lack of homogeneity.
Results: Pooled PTSD prevalence was 19.6% in mothers, 11.6% in fathers, and 22.8% in parents in general (p < .001). Pooled prevalence ratio for the four studies reporting on mothers and comparison healthy groups was 4.2 (p < .001). Conclusions: The high prevalence of PTSD found in this population highlights the importance of promptly assessing and treating post-traumatic symptoms in parents of children with chronic diseases as a key step to prevent the negative consequences of PTSD and preserve their competency as caregivers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)? Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income.
By Judge, Timothy A.; Hurst, Charlice; Simon, Lauren S.
Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 94(3), May 2009, 742-755.
Abstract
The authors investigated core self-evaluations and educational attainment as mediating mechanisms for the influence of appearance (physical attractiveness) and intelligence (general mental ability) on income and financial strain. The direct effects of core self-evaluations on financial strain, as well as the indirect effects through income, were also considered.
Longitudinal data were obtained as part of a national study, the Harvard Study of Health and Life Quality, and proposed models were evaluated with structural equation modeling. Results supported a partially mediated model, such that general mental ability and physical attractiveness exhibited both direct and indirect effects on income, as mediated by educational attainment and core self-evaluations.
Finally, income negatively predicted financial strain, whereas core self-evaluations had both a direct and an indirect (through income) negative effect on financial strain. Overall, the results suggest that looks (physical attractiveness), brains (intelligence), and personality (core self-evaluations) are all important to income and financial strain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Longitudinal data were obtained as part of a national study, the Harvard Study of Health and Life Quality, and proposed models were evaluated with structural equation modeling. Results supported a partially mediated model, such that general mental ability and physical attractiveness exhibited both direct and indirect effects on income, as mediated by educational attainment and core self-evaluations.
Finally, income negatively predicted financial strain, whereas core self-evaluations had both a direct and an indirect (through income) negative effect on financial strain. Overall, the results suggest that looks (physical attractiveness), brains (intelligence), and personality (core self-evaluations) are all important to income and financial strain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Compensatory strategies for reducing interpersonal discrimination: The effectiveness of acknowledgments, increased positivity, and individuating information.
By Singletary, Sarah L.; Hebl, Michelle R.
Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 94(3), May 2009, 797-805.
Abstract
Previous research has revealed, across a number of contexts, that stigmatized individuals are the recipients of interpersonal discrimination (e.g., M. R. Hebl, J. B. Foster, L. M. Mannix, & J. F. Dovidio, 2002). Such discrimination has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in the workplace, both for stigmatized individuals and for organizations as a whole (see, e.g., E. B. King, J. L. Shapiro, M. R. Hebl, S. L. Singletary, & S. Turner, 2006; C. O. Word, M. P. Zanna, & J. Cooper, 1974).
The current research examines 3 individual-level compensatory strategies aimed at reducing interpersonal discrimination. Results reveal that compensatory strategies are successful in reducing interpersonal discrimination in job application contexts and that such strategies uniquely benefit stigmatized individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
The current research examines 3 individual-level compensatory strategies aimed at reducing interpersonal discrimination. Results reveal that compensatory strategies are successful in reducing interpersonal discrimination in job application contexts and that such strategies uniquely benefit stigmatized individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact.
By Crisp, Richard J.; Turner, Rhiannon N.
American Psychologist. Vol 64(4), May-Jun 2009, 231-240.
Abstract
The contact hypothesis states that, under the right conditions, contact between members of different groups leads to more positive intergroup relations. The authors track recent trends in contact theory to the emergence of extended, or indirect, forms of contact. These advances lead to an intriguing proposition: that simply imagining intergroup interactions can produce more positive perceptions of outgroups.
The authors discuss empirical research supporting the imagined contact proposition and find it to be an approach that is at once deceptively simple and remarkably effective. Encouraging people to mentally simulate a positive intergroup encounter leads to improved outgroup attitudes and reduced stereotyping. It curtails intergroup anxiety and extends the attribution of perceivers’ positive traits to others. The authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of imagined contact compared to conventional strategies, outline an agenda for future research, and discuss applications for policymakers and educators in their efforts to encourage more positive intergroup relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The authors discuss empirical research supporting the imagined contact proposition and find it to be an approach that is at once deceptively simple and remarkably effective. Encouraging people to mentally simulate a positive intergroup encounter leads to improved outgroup attitudes and reduced stereotyping. It curtails intergroup anxiety and extends the attribution of perceivers’ positive traits to others. The authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of imagined contact compared to conventional strategies, outline an agenda for future research, and discuss applications for policymakers and educators in their efforts to encourage more positive intergroup relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Using qualitative research to develop culturally competent evidence-based practice.
By Silverstein, Louise Bordeaux; Auerbach, Carl F.
American Psychologist. Vol 64(4), May-Jun 2009, 274-275.
Abstract
Kazdin (see record 2008-03389-001 ) pointed out that the requirement for evidence-based practice (EBP) has made the long-standing gap between research and practice in clinical psychology even more salient. He offered several strategies for bridging this gap: investigating mechanisms and moderators of therapeutic change, and qualitative research. We agree that qualitative research can be useful in bridging the gap between research and clinical practice (Silverstein & Auerbach, 2007; Silverstein, Auerbach, & Levant, 2006). In this comment we discuss using qualitative research to develop EBP that is culturally competent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Bridging science and practice to improve patient care.
By Kazdin, Alan E.
American Psychologist. Vol 64(4), May-Jun 2009, 276-279.
Abstract
Replies to the comments by Tyron (see record 2009-06923-008 ), Silverstein and Auerbach (see record 2009-06923-009 ), and Raps (see record 2009-06923-010 ) on the authors original article (see record 2008-03389-001 ). I was very pleased to read these comments about the priority of bridging research and clinical practice and to have the benefit of further perspectives on how this goal might be achieved.
The article to which these comments were addressed suggested changes in both clinical research and practice that might develop or strengthen such a bridge. Suggestions for clinical research included evaluating the mechanisms of change in psychotherapy so we know what is critical to include in practice, evaluating who responds to treatment in ways that can be integrated into practice, and increasing the use of qualitative research. Suggestions for practice included using systematic measures to evaluate patient progress, codifying the experiences of practitioners so they contribute to our accumulated knowledge base, and promoting direct collaborations of researchers and practitioners.
The above commentaries emphasized specific points about research on mechanisms, qualitative research methods, and the challenges of providing treatments given the nature and scope of the problems that clients present. These commentaries add to the discussion in novel ways and also illustrate the obstacles that may compete with bridging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The article to which these comments were addressed suggested changes in both clinical research and practice that might develop or strengthen such a bridge. Suggestions for clinical research included evaluating the mechanisms of change in psychotherapy so we know what is critical to include in practice, evaluating who responds to treatment in ways that can be integrated into practice, and increasing the use of qualitative research. Suggestions for practice included using systematic measures to evaluate patient progress, codifying the experiences of practitioners so they contribute to our accumulated knowledge base, and promoting direct collaborations of researchers and practitioners.
The above commentaries emphasized specific points about research on mechanisms, qualitative research methods, and the challenges of providing treatments given the nature and scope of the problems that clients present. These commentaries add to the discussion in novel ways and also illustrate the obstacles that may compete with bridging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
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